Bí mật của CỜ ĐỎ SAO VÀNG

CỜ ĐỎ SAO VÀNG LÀ CỜ CỦA TỈNH PHÚC KIẾN TRUNG QUỐC.

Vào năm 2002, trang mạng worldstatesmen chấm org là một trang mạng lưu trử những di tích chi tiết về lịch sử đã đưa ra tiểu sử những lá cờ của Trung Quốc. Một trong những lá cờ Trung Quốc thuộc Tỉnh Phúc Kiến. Lá cờ đại diện cho Chủ Tịch Phúc Kiến có từ năm 1933 - 1934 là cờ gốc của CSVN.

"Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou) 21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934 Li Jishen (b. 1884 - d. 1959)"

Sau khi dân mạng tìm thấy được lá cờ CSVN ăn cắp cờ của Tỉnh Phúc Kiến thì vấn đề nầy được đưa lên rầm rộ trên các diễn đàn yahoo, các trang blogs cá nhân. Sau đó Đảng CSVN đã tìm cách liên lạc với trang mạng worldstatesmen để xóa tài liệu nầy, che giấu CHI TIẾT lịch sử ĐỘNG TRỜI của lá cờ đỏ sao vàng.

Có thể Đảng CSVN đã trả cho trang mạng worldstatesmen một số tiền rất lớn, có thể là vài trăm nghìn đô hay cả triệu đô cũng không chừng. Đảng CSVN đang cố làm hết sức để nhằm che giấu chứng tích lịch sử nầy.

Lá cờ Tỉnh Phúc Kiến và cũng là cờ ĐỎ SAO VÀNG của CSVN được chưng bày trên worldstatesmen được vài tháng sau thì bị biến mất.

Bây giờ nếu bạn vào trang http://www.worldstatesmen.org/China.html thì sẽ không còn nhìn thấy chi tiết như Thùy Trang nêu trên nữa, tuy nhiên bạn có thể tìm thấy được chi tiết nầy qua CACHE ghi lại những trang mạng cũ, lưu trử từ năm 2002 http://web.archive.org/.

Đường link để tìm thấy hình ảnh mà Thùy Trang chứng minh nêu trên tại nơi đây:



Xin các bạn giúp Thùy Trang một tay, phổ biến tin nầy thật nhanh và rộng.

Sau khi cái stt nầy đưa ra, có thể Đảng CSVN sẽ tìm cách trả tiền bạc triệu đô để xóa dấu tích trong CACHE nầy luôn. Nếu chúng ta phổ biến nhanh, kịp thời thì dù có xóa CACHE lưu trử kia sẽ không còn tác dụng vì nhiều người đã biết.

Hãy giúp 1 tay, share đồng thời phổ biến rộng, càng nhanh càng tốt trước khi CSVN tìm cách xóa cache cũ của web.archive.org

Trân trọng

Nguyễn Thùy Trang — with Hồn Nhiên and 2 others.

Copy từ http://web.archive.org/web/20021010094056/http://worldstatesmen.org/China.html
đề phòng lại bị xoá lần thứ 2
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return to World Statesmen China             1861 - 1873  (Merchant ships)                   1873 - 1890  1890 - 12 Feb 1912;  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917              10 Oct 1911 Revolt flag              12 Feb 1912 - 22 Dec 1915;             22 Mar 1916 -  1 Jul 1917;             12 Jul 1917 -   8 Oct 1928               22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916                  8 Oct 1928 - 1 Oct 1949                 Adopted 1 Oct 1949 Map of China Hear National Anthem "March of the Volunteers" Text of National Anthem Adopted 1949 Constitution   (4 Dec 1982) Maps: Japanese occupation Civil War (1947-1950) Ethnolinguistic Map of China Chinese Military Regions Capital: Beijing Currency: Yuan (CNY)  National Holiday: 1 Oct  (1949)  Founding of  People's Republic Population: 1, 273, 111, 290 (2001)       China Index CHRONOLOGY    c.2000 BC - c.1500 BC      Partly legendary Shia (Xia) dynasty. c.1700 BC - c.1027 BC      Shang dynasty. c.1027 BC - 221 BC         Chou (Zhou) dynasty. 475 BC - 221 BC            Period of the Warring States, fragmentation of                               Zhou kingdom. 221 BC - 206 BC            Ch'in (Qin) dynasty, from which modern China                              derives its name. 221 BC - 210 BC            First Emperor Shih Huang-ti reigns (d. 210 BC). 206 BC - 220 AD            Han dynasty (9 - 24 AD, briefly interrupted). 220 - 589                  Era of disunity under Warlords. China  not unified                              under any one power. Huns, Turks and nomadic                              tribes invade the north. 420 - 589                  Divided under Northern and Southern dynasties. 589                        Reunification under the Sui dynasty (rules to 618) 907 - 979                  Era of the "Five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms." 1276 - 1368                Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, Kublai Khan (b. 1215 -                               d. 1294) rules  1276 - 1294.  28 Jan 1368                Great Ming (Shining) Realm inaugurated. 15 May 1636                Great Qing (Ch'ing [Manchu] dynasty) Empire                              inaugurated. 28 May 1858                Left bank of Amur River annexed by Russia. 14 Nov 1860                Amur right bank below Ussuri junction (Primorye)                              annexed by Russia.  4 Jul 1871 - 24 Feb 1881  Russia briefly annexes Ili.  2 Jun 1895 - 25 Oct 1945  Taiwan annexed by Japan. 10 Oct 1911                Revolution begins.  1 Jan 1912                Republic of China Jan 1913 -  7 Oct 1951     Tibet (de facto) independent.  1 Dec 1911                (Outer) Mongolia declares independence.  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire. 19 Feb 1920 -  3 Feb 1921  Mongolia briefly reincorporated. 10 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug 1945  Japanese occupy Manchuria (Manchukuo).  1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Communists declare Soviet Republic of China in                               Kiangsi province. Sep 1937 - Aug 1945        Japanese occupy northeast China, Yellow River                              valley and coastal provinces.  1 Oct 1949                People's Republic of China (from 8 Dec 1949,                              Republic of China continues on Taiwan only.  1 Jul 1997                Reintegration of the former British colony                               of Hong Kong. 20 Dec 1999                Reintegration of the former Portuguese colony                               of Macau. People's Republic of China Administrative Divisions Foreign Colonies  Chinese Empire Rebellions: Taiping Shengping Cheng Pingnan Guo  Warlord Era (1911-1928) Nationalist China  (1917-1949) Alternative Governments (1927-34) Japanese Occupation (1937-45) Manchuria and Manchukuo Meng Chiang (1934-1945) Kashgaria and East Turkestan Dörben Oyriad (Dzungar Khanate) Tibet ---- Tibet Government in Exile       Note about Pinyin: To 1979 names are given Wade-Giles transliteration, where available, with the pinyin version following in parenthesis (i.e., Li  Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). After 1979, the pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names) is used. Under the People's Republic, all names are given in pinyin with those before 1979 followed in parenthesis by the Wade-Giles version (i.e. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung).  I have taken this additional step because most sources prior to 1979 refer to Chinese names in the pre-pinyin fashion.  Chinese Empire   Map Chinese Empire Hear National Anthem "Harden the Golden Pot" Text of National Anthem (to 1911, 1917) Constitution   (1906) Capital: Peking Currency: Chinese Silver Tael (CST) National Holiday: N/A Population: 431, 735, 400 (1900) Note: Emperors are listed with their personal name (ming), followed by their temple name (miaohao), posthumous name (shi), and the era name (nianhao) roughly coextensive with the particular reign (note that the overlap is not perfect). Although it is customary in "Western" sources to refer to a Qing ruler by his nianhao (i.i., the Guangxu emperor), Chinese usually refer to a former emperor by his miaohao, perhaps preceded by the name of the polity (i.e., Qing Dezong).  Emperors¹  7 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722  Hsüan-yeh (Xuanye)                (b. 1654 - d. 1722)                              miaohao: Shengzu / shi: Ren huangdi                              nianhao 18 Feb 1662 - 4 Feb 1723:  K'ang-hsi (Kangxi) 10 Jul 1706 - 1707         Wei Zhiye (in rebellion)                              nianhao 10 Jul 1706 - 1707: Wenxing 1707 - 1708                Zhu Cihuan                             (styled Ding wang, heading Great Ming [or Shining] Realm,                              in rebellion) 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721  Zhu Yigui                              (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)                              nianhao 26 May 1721 - 30 Jul 1721: Yonghe 27 Dec 1722 -  8 Oct 1735  Yin-chen (Yinzhen)                 (b. 1678 - d. 1735)                              miaohao: Shizong / shi: Xian huangdi                              nianhao 5 Feb 1723 - 11 Feb 1746: Yung-chêng (Yongzheng) 18 Oct 1735 -  9 Feb 1796  Hung-li (Hongli)                   (b. 1711 - d. 1799)                              niaohao Gaozong / shi: Chun huangdi                              nianhao 12 Feb 1736 - 8 Feb 1796: Ch'ien-lung (Qianlong)  Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788    Lin Shuangwen                              (in rebellion, rules almost exclusively on Taiwan)                              nianhao Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788: Shuntian  9 Feb 1796 -  2 Sep 1820  Yung-yen (Yongyan)                 (b. 1760 - d. 1820)                              niaohao: Renzong / shi: Rui huangdi                              nianhao 9 Feb 1796 - 2 Feb 1821: Chia-ch'ing (Jiaqing)  Mar 1797 - 1797           Li Shu (in rebellion)                              nianhao Mar 1797 - 1797: Daqing  3 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850  Min-ning (Minning)                 (b. 1782 - d. 1850)                              niaohao: Xuanzong / shi: Cheng huangdi                              nianhao 3 Feb 1821 - 31 Jan 1851: Hsüan-tsung (Daoguang)  9 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861  Yi-chu (Yizhu)                     (b. 1831-d. 1861)                              miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Xian huangdi                              nianhao 1 Feb 1851 - 29 Jan 1862: Hsien-fêng (Xianfeng) 22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Regency                            - Empress Dowager Tz'u-an (f)(Cian)(d. 1881)                            - Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi (f)     (b. 1835 - d. 1908)                               (Cixi) (1st time)                            - Prince Kung 11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875  Tsai-ch'un (Zaichun)               (b. 1856 - d. 1874)                              miaohao: Muzong / shi: Yi huangdi                              nianhao 30 Jan 1862 - 5 Feb 1875: T'ung-chih (Tongzhi) 25 Feb 1875 - 14 Nov 1908  Tsai-t'ien (Zaitian)               (b. 1871 - d. 1908)                              miaohao: Dezong / shi: Jing huangdi                              nianhao 6 Feb 1875 - 21 Jan 1909: Kuang-hsü (Guangxu) 25 Feb 1875 -  4 Mar 1889  Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi (f)       (s.a.)                             (Cixi) (2nd time)-Regent                              (de facto 3rd time; from 20 Sep 1898 to 2 Dec 1908)  2 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912  P'u-i (Puyi)  (1st time)           (b. 1906 - d. 1967)                              nianhao 22 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912: Hsüan-T'ung (Xuantong)  2 Dec 1908 -  6 Dec 1911  Prince Chun (Zaifeng) -Regent      (b. 1882 - d. 1951)  6 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912  Empress Dowager Long Yu            (b. 1868 - d. 1913)                               Huagtaihou (f) (Longyu Xiaoding)                             (holder of the Imperial seal)   1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  P'u-i   (2nd time)                 (s.a.)                             (from 12 Feb 1912 - 5 Nov 1924, Emperor                               inside the Forbidden City² only)  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Chang Hsün -Regent                 (b. 1854 - d. 1923) Grand Secretaries 1671 - 1744                .... 1744 - 1763                Shi Yizhi 1763 - 1771                .... Grand Chancellors 1771 - 1773                Qinggui (1st time)                            + Marquess Feimo, Marquess of Weiqin                              (1st time) 1773 - 1784                .... 1784 - 1793                Qinggui (2nd time)                            +  Feimo Lebao, Marquess of Weiqin                              (2nd time) 1793 - 1799                .... 1799 - 1812                Qinggui (3rd time)                            + Marquess Feimo, Marquess of Weiqin                              (3rd time) 1812 - 1820                .... 1820 - 1820                Cao Zhenyong 1820 - 1838                Duke Changling Weiyong 1838 - 1840                Wenqing (1st time) 1841 - 1855                Qi Junzao 1855 - 1856                Wenqing (2nd time) 1856 - 1858                .... 1858 - 1876                Wenxiang 1876 - 1884                Baoyun 1884 - 1894                Zhang Zhiwan 1894 - 1898                Weng Tonghe 1894 - 1898                Prince Aixin-juelo Yixin Gong 1898 - 1901                Jung-lu (Ronglu) Prime ministers  1901 - 1903                Jung-lu (Ronglu) 1903 -  8 May 1911         Prince Ch'ing (Zengziang)   8 May 1911 -  1 Nov 1911  Prince Yiguang                     (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  2 Nov 1911 - Mar 1912     Yuan Shi-kai                       (b. 1859 - d. 1916)  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Chang Hsün                         (s.a.) Polities Rebelling against the Ch'ing (Qing) Empire 1851-1872 Taiping 11 Jan 1851                Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace)                              inaugurated. 25 Oct 1864                Extinguished by Qing empire. Heavenly Kings 11 Jan 1851 -  1 Jun 1864  Hung Hsiu-ch'üan (Hong Xiuquan)   (b. 1813 - d. 1864)  1 Jun 1864 - 25 Oct 1864  Hung Fu   (Hong Tianguifu)        (b. 1849 - d. 1864) Shengping  9 Oct 1854                Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace)                               inaugurated. 24 Jul 1858                Extinguished by Qing empire. Heavenly Kings  9 Oct 1854 - 24 Jul 1858  Hu Youlu (to Oct 1855)                            + Zhu Hongying Cheng 27 Sep 1855                Great Cheng Realm inaugurated. 21 Aug 1861                Extinguished by Qing empire. Kings 27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861  Chen Kai (styled Ping Xun wang)                            + Li Wenmao (to 1858) Kashghar: see under  Sinkiang Pingnan Guo 1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Pingnan Guo ("Pacified South State") is a major                              Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province. Leader of the Community of Muslims (title Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin) (usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan) 1856 - 26 Dec 1872         Sulayman ibn `Abd ar-Rahman        (d. 1873)                            (Du Wenxiu [orig. Yang Xiu])     ¹full style from 1643: the Great Emperor (Huang Ti/Huangdi) of the Great Ch'ing (Qing) Dynasty, Son of Heaven (Tien Tseu), Lord of Ten Thousand Years, Grand Khan of Tartary.   ²According to the treaty signed between the Ch'ing court and government of the Republic of China, P'u-i perserved the title Emperor, recieved annual payment from the Republic of China government, and had the right to live in the Forbidden City, to be protected by an imperial troop, grant noble and honorary titles, maintain certain government organs in the Forbidden City mainly for management of the Forbidden City and other palaces, management of imperial familes, etc.  Inside the Forbidden City the dragon flag of the Ch'ing Dynasty while the republican flag was flown outside. People in the Forbidden City still wore the Ch'ing official dress and used the Ch'ing calender system. In 1922 when the Emperor got married, his wife was called Empress.  On 5 Nov 1924 the Emperor was forced to leave the Forbidden City by a faction of the army of the Republic of China. Warlord China 10 Oct 1911                 Revolution begins.  1 Jan 1912                 Republic of China proclaimed. 22 Dec 1915                 Empire of China 22 Mar 1916                 Republic of China  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917   Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire (s.a.).   Map of China Hear National Anthem "China Rises in the Universe" (to 19..) Hear National Anthem "Song of the Fortunate Cloud" (19.. - 1928) Constitution   (1911) Map of Warlord Control Capital: Beijing (1912-1928) Currency: Chinese Dollar/Yuan (CND) Population: 485, 598, 900 (1925) Note: The following provincial military governments proclaimed their independence from the Qing Empire in the name of a Republic of China in gestation at the end of 1911, and combined in a Central Military Government at the end of November.  Names in parenthesis are given in pinyin transliteration (which came into general use in 1979, but is rejected by the Nationalist regime on Taiwan) following the names (i.e., Li  Yuan-hung (Yuanhong). Military governors - Hubei (Hupe) - 11 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong)            (b. 1864 - d. 1928) - Hunan - 23 Oct 1911 - 31 Oct 1911  Jiao Dafeng 31 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tan Yankai                         (b. 1879 - d. 1930) - Shaanxi (Shensi) - 23 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Zhang Fenghui - Jiangxi (Kiangsi) - 24 Oct 1911 -  2 Nov 1911  Ma Yubao  2 Nov 1911 - 12 Nov 1911  Wu Jiezhang 12 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Peng Chengwan - Shanxi (Shansi) - 29 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yan Xishan                         (b. 1883 - d. 1960) - Yunnan - 30 Oct 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cai E                              (b. 1882 - d. 1916) - Shanghai (actually called itself Military Government of the Republic of China) -  4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Chen Qimei                         (b. 1878 - d. 1916) - Zhejiang (Chekiang) -  4 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Tang Shouqian - Guizhou (Kweichow) -  5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Yang Jincheng - Jiangsu (Kiangsu) -  5 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Cheng Dequan                       (b. 1860 - d. 1930) - Anhui (Anhwei) -  8 Nov 1911 - 28 Nov 1911  Zhu Jiabao                         (d. 1923) 28 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Yuyun - Guangxi (Kwangsi) -  9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Shen Bingkun - Fujian (Fukien) -  9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Daoren - Guangdong (Kwangtung) -  9 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Hu Hanmin                          (b. 1879 - d. 1936) - Shandong (Shantung) - 13 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Sun Baoqi                          (b. 1867 - d. 1931) - Sichuan (Szechwan) - 22 Nov 1911 - 27 Nov 1911  Zhang Peijue 27 Nov 1911 - 30 Nov 1911  Pu Dianjun Military governor (Central Military Government of the Republic of China) 30 Nov 1911 - 31 Dec 1911  Li Yuan-hung  (Yuanhong)           (s.a.) Presidents  1 Jan 1912 - 10 Mar 1912  Sun Yat-sen (provisional)          (b. 1866 - d. 1925) 10 Mar 1912 - 22 Dec 1915  Yuan Shi-kai (1st time)            (s.a.)                             (provisional to 10 Oct 1913) Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916  Yuan Shi-kai                       (s.a.)                              nianhao: Hongxian                            (This attempt at imperial installation of Yuan Shikai                             was not formally consummated by an enthronement, and                              there are questions about its actual significance) Presidents 22 Mar 1916 -  6 Jun 1916  Yuan Shi-kai (2nd time)            (s.a.)  7 Jun 1916 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (1st time) (s.a.)  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire   (s.a.) 12 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong) (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918  Feng Kuo-chang (Guozhang)          (b. 1859 - d. 1919) 10 Oct 1918 -  2 Jun 1922  Hsü Shih-chang  (Xu Shichang)      (b. 1855 - d. 1939)  2 Jun 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Chao Tzu-ch'i (Zhou Ziqi)(acting)  (b. 1871 - d. 1923) 11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923  Li Yuan-hung (Yuanhong)  (3rd time)(s.a.) 13 Jun 1923 -  9 Sep 1923  Chang Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (b. 1870 - d. 19..)                                    (acting)   9 Sep 1923 - 10 Oct 1923  Kao Ling-wei (Gao Lingwei)(acting) (b. 1896 - d. bf.1953) 10 Oct 1923 -  2 Nov 1924  T'sao K'un (Cao Kun)               (b. 1862 - d. 1938)  2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (b. 1880 - d. 1936) 24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926  Tuan Ch'i-jui   (Duan Qirui)       (b. 1865 - d. 1936)                             (provisional chief executive) 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Wei-te (Weide) (acting)         (b. 1871 - d. 19..) 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yen Hui-ching (Yan Huiqing)(acting)(b. 1877 - d. 1950) 22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Tu Hsi-Kuei (Du Xigui) (acting)    (b. 1875 - d. 19..)  1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun) (acting)   (b. 1887 - d. 1985) 18 Jun 1927 -  2 Jun 1928  Chang Tso-lin  (Zhang Zuolin)      (b. 1873 - d. 1928)                            (Generalissimo of the Military Government of China) Premiers 13 Mar 1912 - 27 Jun 1912  Tang Shao-yi  (Shaoyi)             (b. 1860 - d. 1938) 29 Jun 1912 - 25 Sep 1912  Lu Cheng-hsiang  (Zhengxiang)      (b. 1870 - d. 1949) 25 Sep 1912 -  1 May 1913  Chao Ping-Chün (Zhao Bingjun)  1 May 1913 - 31 Jul 1913  Duan Qirui (acting)                (s.a.) 31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914  Xiong Xiling                       (b. 1870 - d. 1941) 12 Feb 1914 -  1 May 1914  Sun Pao-ch'i  (Baoqi)  (acting)    (s.a.) Secretaries of state  1 May 1914 - Dec 1915     Hsü Shih-chang  (Xu Shichang)      (s.a.)                               (1st time)   Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916    Lu Cheng-hsiang  (Zhengxiang)      (s.a.)                                (acting) 22 Mar 1916 - 23 Apr 1916  Hsü Shih-chang  (Xu Shichang)      (s.a.)                               (2nd time)  23 Apr 1916 - 29 Jun 1916  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.) Premiers 29 Jun 1916 - 23 May 1917  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)                               (1st time) 23 May 1917 - 28 May 1917  Wu Tingfang (acting)               (b. 1842 - d. 1922) 28 May 1917 -  2 Jun 1917  Li Jingxi (1st time)  2 Jun 1917 - 12 Jun 1917  Hsü Shih-chang  (Xu Shichang)      (s.a.) 12 Jun 1917 - 24 Jun 1917  Chang Shao-jong (Jiang Zhaozong)   (b. 1863 - d. 19..)                               (acting) 24 Jun 1917 -  1 Jul 1917  Li Jingxi (2nd time)  1 Jul 1917 - 12 Jul 1917  Restoration of Great Qing Empire   (s.a.) 14 Jul 1917 - 30 Nov 1917  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)                               (2nd time)  30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918  Weng Shizhen (acting)              (b. 1861 - d. 1930) 23 Mar 1918 - 10 Oct 1918  Tuan Ch'i-jui (Duan Qirui)         (s.a.)                               (3rd time)  10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919  Ch'ien Neng-hsün  (Qiang Nengxun)  (b. 1870 - d. 19..) 13 Jun 1919 - 24 Sep 1919  Kung Hsin-chan  (Gong Xinzhan)                                (acting) 24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920  Chin Yün-P'eng  (Jin Yunpeng)      (b. 1877 - d. 1925)                               (1st time) (acting to 5 Nov 1919) 14 May 1920 -  9 Aug 1920  Sa Chen-ping (Zhenbing) (acting)   (b. 1859 - d. 1952)  9 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921  Chin Yün-P'eng  (Jin Yunpeng)      (s.a.)                               (2nd time) (acting) 18 Dec 1921 - 24 Dec 1921  Yen Hui-Ching  (Yan Huiqing)       (s.a.)                              (1st time)  24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922  Liang Shi-i  (Shiyi)               (b. 1869 - d. 1933) 25 Jan 1922 -  8 Apr 1922  Yen Hui-Ching  (Yan Huiqing)       (s.a.)                               (2nd time) (acting)  8 Apr 1922 - 11 Jun 1922  Chao Tzu-Ch'i  (Zhou Ziqi) (acting)(s.a.) 11 Jun 1922 -  5 Aug 1922  Yen Hui-Ching  (Yan Huiqing)       (s.a.)                               (3rd time)   5 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1922  Wang Ch'ung-hui  (Chonghui)        (b. 1881 - d. 1958)                               (acting) 29 Nov 1922 - 11 Dec 1922  Wang Ta-hsieh  (Daxie)             (b. 1860? - d. 19..) 11 Dec 1922 -  4 Jan 1923  Wang  Cheng-t'ing   (Zhengting)    (b. 1882 - d. 1961)  4 Jan 1923 -  9 Sep 1923  Cheng Shao-ts'eng (Zhang Shaozeng) (s.a.)  9 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924  Kao Ling-Wei  (Gao Lingwei)(acting)(s.a.) 12 Jan 1924 - 14 Sep 1924  Sun Pao-ch'i  (Baoqi)              (s.a.) 14 Sep 1924 - 31 Oct 1924  Yen Hui-Ching  (Yan Huiqing)       (s.a.)                                (4th time)   2 Nov 1924 - 24 Nov 1924  Huang Fu (acting)                  (s.a.)                Mil 27 Nov 1924 - 26 Dec 1925  Tuan Ch'i-jui   (Duan Qirui)       (s.a.)                              (4th time)  26 Dec 1925 -  4 Mar 1926  Hsu Shih-ying   (Xu Shiying)       (b. 1873 - d. 1964)  4 Mar 1926 - 20 Apr 1926  Chia The-yao  (Jia Deyao) 20 Apr 1926 - 13 May 1926  Hu Wei-te  (Weide)  (acting)       (s.a.) 13 May 1926 - 22 Jun 1926  Yen Hui-Ching  (Yan Huiqing)       (s.a.)                              (5th time)  22 Jun 1926 -  1 Oct 1926  Tu His-Kuei  (Du Xigui) (acting)   (s.a.)  1 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927  Ku Wei-chün (Gu Weijun)  (acting)  (s.a.) 18 Jun 1927 -  2 Jun 1928  Pan Fu                             (b. 1871 - d. 19..)   "Independent" military governments in 1913 Military governors - Jiangsu (Kiangsu) 15 Jul 1913 - 29 Jul 1913  Cheng Dequan - Anhui (Anhwei) - 17 Jul 1913 -  7 Aug 1913  Bo Wenwei                          (b. 1875 - d. 1947) - Guangdong (Kwangtung) - 18 Jul 1913 -  3 Aug 1913  Chen Jiongming                     (b. 1878 - d. 1933) - Hunan - 25 Jul 1913 - 13 Aug 1913  Tan Yankai                         (s.a.) "Independent" military governments in 1916 Military governors - Yunnan -  1 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Tang Jiyao                          (b. 1881 - d. 1927) - Guizhou (Kweichow) - 27 Jan 1916 -  8 May 1916  Liu Xianshi - Guangxi (Kwangsi) - 15 Mar 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Rongting                         (b. 1856 - d. 1927) - Guangdong (Kwangtung) -  6 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Long Jiguang                        (b. 1860 - d. 1921) - Zhejiang  (Chekiang) - 12 Apr 1916 -  8 May 1916  Lu Gongwang These came together under an umbrella government: Chairman of the Military Affairs Council  8 May 1916 - 14 Jul 1916  Tang Jiyao                          (s.a.) "Independent" military governments in 1917 Military governors - Anhui (Anhwei) - 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Ni Sichong - Shaanxi (Shensi) - 29 May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917  Chen Shufan - Fengtian -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Chang Tso-lin  (Zhang Zuolin)      (s.a.) - Shandong (Shantung) -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Zhang Huaizhi                      (b. 1860 - d. 19..) - Fujian (Fukein) -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Li Houji - Henan (Honan) -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Zhao Ti                            (b. 1871 - d. 19..) - Zhejiang (Chekiang) -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Yang Shande - Zhili (Chihli) -  May 1917 - 22 Jun 1917    Cao Kun                            (s.a.) Nationalist China Note: The name of the polity is still Republic of China, but it overlaps the preceding polity of that name, has a different flag and government system, and eventually a different capital (Nanjing; Beijing is in fact deprived of the name-part jing, meaning capital, and is renamed Beiping after the demise of the "warlord" regime).          10 Sep 1917  - 5 May 1921         5 May 1921  -  1 Oct 1949 Map of China Hear National Anthem "Song of the Nationalist Revolution" (to 1924) Text of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jun 1924 Constitution (25 Dec 1946) Capital: Nanjing (1928-37,46-49) Hankow (1937-1938) Chungking  (1939-1946) Hear National Anthem "San Min Chu i" (from 1924) Currency: Chinese Dollar/Yuan (CND) Population: 481, 151, 700 (1936) Generalissimo of the Military Government 10 Sep 1917 -  5 Jul 1918  Sun Yat-sen                        (s.a.)               KMT  5 Jul 1918 - 21 Aug 1918  Governing Committee of the Military Government                            - Sun Yat-sen                      (s.a.)               KMT                            - Tang Shao-yi  (Shaoyi)           (s.a.)               KMT                            - Wu Tingfang                      (s.a.)               KMT                            - Cen Chunxuan                     (b. 1861 - d. 1933)  KMT                            - Lu Rongting                      (s.a.)               KMT                            - Tang Jiyao                       (s.a.)               KMT                            - Lin Baoyi                        (b. 1862 - d. 19..)  KMT 21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920  Cen Chunxuan                       (s.a.)               KMT                            (chairman Governing Committee of the Military Government) 24 Oct 1920 -  4 May 1921  Governing Committee of the  Military Government                            - Sun Yat-sen                      (s.a.)               KMT                            - Tang Shao-yi  (Shaoyi)           (s.a.)               KMT                            - Wu Tingfang                      (s.a.)               KMT                            - Tang Jiyao                       (s.a.)               KMT Extraordinary President  5 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922  Sun Yat-sen                        (s.a.)               KMT Generalissimos of the National Government  2 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925  Sun Yat-sen                        (s.a.)               KMT 12 Mar 1925 -  1 Jul 1925  Hu Han-min (acting)                (s.a.)               KMT Chairmen of the National Government  1 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926  Wang Ching-wei  (Jingwei)          (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT 16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927  Tan Yankai                         (s.a.)               KMT Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government 20 Mar 1927 - 13 Sep 1927  Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei) (at Wuhan)(s.a.)               KMT 17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928  Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai)              (s.a.)               KMT Chairmen of the National Government 10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931  Chiang Kai-shek (1st time)         (b. 1887 - d. 1975)  Mil/KMT 15 Dec 1931 -  1 Aug 1943  Lin Sen (acting to 1 Jan 1932)     (b. 1867 - d. 1943)  KMT  1 Aug 1943 - 20 May 1948  Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time)         (s.a.)               Mil/KMT                            (acting to 10 Oct 1943)  Presidents 20 May 1948 - 21 Jan 1949  Chiang Kai-shek                    (s.a.)               KMT 21 Jan 1949 -  8 Dec 1949  Li Tsung-jen (Zongren)(acting¹)    (b. 1890 - d. 1969)  KMT                             (from 8 Dec 1949 see under Taiwan) Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930  Tan Yen-K'ai (Yankai)              (s.a.)               KMT  Sep 1930 -  4 Dec 1930    Sung Tzu-wen  (Song Ziwen)(acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1971)  KMT                             ("T.V. Soong")(1st time)   4 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931  Chiang Kai-shek (1st time)         (s.a.)               KMT 15 Dec 1931 - 28 Dec 1931  Ch'eng Ming-hsu (Chen Mingshu)     (b. 1890 - d. 1965)  KMT                               (acting)  28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932  Sun Fo (1st time)                  (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  KMT 28 Jan 1932 -  7 Dec 1935  Wang Ching-wei  (Jingwei)          (s.a.)               KMT  7 Dec 1935 -  1 Jan 1938  Chiang Kai-shek (2nd time)         (s.a.)               KMT  1 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939  K'ung Hsiang-hsi (Kong Xiangxi)    (b. 1880 - d. 1967)  KMT                              ("H.H. Kung") 20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945  Chiang Kai-shek (3rd time)         (s.a.)               KMT 31 May 1945 -  1 Mar 1947  Sung Tzu-wen (Song Ziwen)(2nd time)(s.a.)               KMT  1 Mar 1947 - 18 Apr 1947  Chiang Kai-shek (4th time)         (s.a.)               KMT 18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948  Chang Ch'ün  (Zhang Qun)           (b. 1889 - d. 1990)  KMT 24 May 1948 - 26 Nov 1948  Wong Wen-hao  (Weng Wenhao)        (b. 1889 - d. 1971)  KMT 26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949  Sun Fo (2nd time)                  (s.a.)               KMT 12 Mar 1949 -  3 Jun 1949  Ho Ying-ch'in (He Yingqin)         (b. 1889 - d. 1987)  KMT  3 Jun 1949 -  8 Dec 1949  Yen Hsi-shan  (Yan Xishan)         (s.a.)               Mil/KMT                            (from 8 Dec 1949 see under Taiwan) Alternative governments of the Republic of China: Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Government (at Nanjing) 18 Apr 1927 - 15 Aug 1927  Chiang Kai-shek                    (s.a.)               KMT 26 Aug 1927 - 15 Sep 1927  Tan Yen-kai (Yankai)               (s.a.)               KMT Chairman of the Committee of the National Government (at Beiping)  1 Sep 1930 - 31 Oct 1930  Yen Hsi-chan  (Yan Xishan)         (s.a.)               Mil Chairman of the National Government (at Guangzhou/Canton)  1 Jul 1931 -  1 Jan 1932  Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)           (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT Chairman of the People's Government (at Fuzhou) 21 Nov 1933 - 21 Jan 1934  Li Jishen                          (b. 1884 - d. 1959) China under Japanese occupation:               17 Dec 1937 - 1939                1939 - 1 Apr 1940    1 Apr 1940 - Feb 1943                 Feb 1943 - Aug 1945 Acting chairman of the Provisional National Government (at Beiping) 14 Dec 1937 - 30 Mar 1940  Wang Kemin                         (b. 1873 - d. 1945) Acting chairman of the Reformed National Government (at Nanjing) 28 Mar 1938 - 30 Mar 1940  Liang Hongzhi                      (b. 1883 - d. 1946) Chairmen of the National Government (at Nanjing) 30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944  Wang Ching-wei (Jingwei)           (b. 1883 - d. 1944)  KMT-WC                             (acting to 1940) 20 Nov 1944 - Aug 1945     Chen Gongbo (acting)               (b. 1892 - d. 1946) People's Republic of China            3 Jan 1932 - 15 Oct 1934              Adopted 1 Oct 1949  1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Soviet Republic of China (in Kiangsi, capital Ruijin). 19 Aug 1948                People's Government of North China  1 Oct 1949                People's Republic of China  8 Dec 1949                Final remnants of Nationalist government flee to Taiwan. Note: Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping)(b. 1904 - d. 1997) was de facto leader from the late 1970's to the early 1990's.  He never took over either the chairmanship of the State, the Government nor the General Secretary of the Party, from 1978 to his death in 1997 he was the unquestionable Paramount Leader.  From Jun 1981 he was Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. It is impossible to provide exact dates; he rose to power in the aftermath of Mao's death (9 Sep 1976) and became more and more frail in the 1990's (he last appeared in public  9 Feb 1994). Chairmen of the Communist Party of China (CPC)  8 Jan 1935 -  9 Sep 1976  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)          (b. 1893 - d. 1976)  9 Oct 1976 - 29 Jun 1981  Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng)         (b. 1920?) 29 Jun 1981 - 12 Sep 1982  Hu Yaobang                         (b. 1915 - d. 1989)  General Secretaries (top party post from 12 Sep 1982) 12 Sep 1982 - 16 Jan 1987  Hu Yaobang                         (s.a.) 16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989  Zhao Ziyang (acting to 2 Nov 1987) (b. 1919)  24 Jun 1989 -              Jiang Zemin                        (b. 1926) Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Republic of China  1 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)          (s.a.)  Chairman of the People's Government of North China 19 Aug 1948 -  1 Oct 1949  Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu)             (b. 1886 - d. 1975)  CPC Chairman of the People's Government of the North-East 27 Aug 1949 -  1 Oct 1949  Gao Gang                           (b. 1895 - d. 1954)  CPC Chairman of the Central People's Government  1 Oct 1949 - 27 Sep 1954  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)          (s.a.)               CPC Chairmen¹ 27 Sep 1954 - 27 Apr 1959  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)          (s.a.)               CPC 27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968  Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i)         (b. 1898 - d. 1969)  CPC 31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972  Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu)             (s.a.)               CPC                            + Song Qingling (f) (acting)       (b. 1893 - d. 1981)  CPC                             (Sung Ch'ing-ling) 24 Feb 1972 - 17 Jan 1975  Dong Biwu  (acting)                (s.a.)               CPC Chairmen of the Permanent Standing Committee of the National People's Congress² 17 Jan 1975 -  6 Jul 1976  Zhu De (Chu Teh)                   (b. 1886 - d. 1976)  CPC  6 Jul 1976 -  5 Mar 1978  Vacant³  5 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983  Ye Jianying                        (b. 1897 - d. 1986)  CPC Presidents² 18 Jun 1983 -  8 Apr 1988  Li Xiannian                        (b. 1909 - d. 1992)  CPC  8 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993  Yang Shangkun                      (b. 1907 - d. 1998)  CPC 27 Mar 1993 -              Jiang Zemin                        (s.a.)               CPC Premiers  1 Oct 1949 -  8 Jan 1976  Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)           (b. 1898 - d. 1976)  CPC  4 Feb 1976 - 10 Sep 1980  Hua Guofeng (acting to 7 Apr 1976) (s.a.)               CPC 10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987  Zhao Ziyang                        (s.a.)               CPC 24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998  Li Peng (acting to 9 Apr 1988)     (b. 1928)            CPC 17 Mar 1998 -              Zhu Rongji                         (b. 1928)            CPC  ¹The ambiguity of the Constitutional situation leaves it unclear whether this was a vacancy or a substitution for Chiang.  ²The title "chairman" for the heads of state in 1954-75 represents the same Chinese term (zhuxi) that is commonly translated "president" for the heads of state after 1983.  ³Vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee during the vacancy: Wu De, Song Qingling (f)  (b. 1893 - d. 1981), Liu Bocheng (b. 1892 - d. 1986), Wei Guoqing (b. 1913 - d. 1989), Seypidin (b. 1916), Chen Yun (b. 1905 - d. 1995), Tan Zhenlin (b. 1902 - d. 1983), Li Jingquan, Ulanhu (b. 1904 - d. 1988), Guo Moruo (b. 1892 - d. 1978), Xu Xiangqian (b. 1901 - d. 1990), Nie Rongzhen (b. 1899 - d. 1992), Zhang Dingcheng, Cai Chang (f), Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme (b. 1910), Zhou Jianren (b. 1888 - d. 1984), Xu Deheng, Hu Juewen, Li Suwen (f), Yao Lianwei, and, from  2 Dec 1976, Deng Yingchao (f) (b. 1904 - d. 1992).  Note: Claims Taiwan; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) as does Taiwan. Party Abbreviations: CPC = Communist Party of China (communist, authoritarian, only legal party since 1 Oct 1949); Mil = Military; - Former parties: KMT = Chungkuo Kuomin Tang ("Kuomintang" or Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese nationalist, authoritarian, only legal party 1928-49 [1914-1919 Chung-hua Ke-ming Tang (Chinese Revolutionary Party]); KMT-WC = Kuomintang-Wang Ching-wei (Nationalist Party-Wang Ching-wei faction, personalist [Japanese puppet government 1940-44])